After the 2016 elections, many tried to explain what
happened. Some theories are not convincing since they seem to hide a
darker reality of which we dare not speak. Others appear a bit too
simplified to explain what we experience in daily life.
To start the process of understanding our crisis, we need a clear
vision. One book that manages to sift through the simplifications and
penetrate some dark mysteries is Alienated America, Why Some Places Thrive While Others Collapse (2019) written by journalist Timothy Carney.
Straddling the Line Between Two Americas
The book does not aspire to be a major scholarly work of
sociological analysis. Although well documented, Mr. Carney lets others
do the heavy lifting. He borrows liberally from the theses of
sociologists like Charles Murray and Charles Putnam, who have convincingly described the emergence of two separate Americas after the 1960s.
One America consists of a more vibrant sector that prospers with its
networks and social institutions. The other is a shattered,
dysfunctional America lacking sufficient community links and
well-constituted families.
Mr. Carney manages to straddle the line between the two Americas in
observing the 2016 elections. We can identify with his observations,
experiences, and anecdotes. He describes vividly how a massive collapse
of civil society is destroying the America we once knew.
The book raises important questions about where we went wrong in our
society and culture. More importantly, it also provides insights upon
which we might ruminate and ponder.
The Concept of Alienation
The concept of alienation is one such point to ponder. Mr. Carney makes use of sociologist Robert Nisbet’s
definition of alienation as “The state of mind that can find a social
order remote, incomprehensible, or fraudulent; beyond real hope or
desire; inviting apathy, boredom or even hostility.”
Large sectors of America are alienated. This notion helps explain the
great disconnection of those all across the political spectrum who no
longer participate in civil society. No one prevents them from
associating with others, but they have lost their desire or interest in
being part of a social order.
The author invites us to think about the causes for this
alienation—whether it be hyper-individualism, social media, trade
policies, lost jobs, opioid abuse, secularization, or the Sexual
Revolution. He shows how all these influences have played their role in
fragmenting America, although they are not the causes.
Not Collapsing but Disintegrating
Mr. Carney goes to great lengths to prove that the real cause
of our crisis is the collapse of civil society. “America is the land of
opportunity because it is the land of civil society,” he affirms.
Those opportunities are now dying out. In some places, the moral
institutions of family, community, and faith are not just collapsing but
disintegrating before our eyes.
The gravity of the problem is highlighted by the fact that restoring
civil society cannot be done by simply bringing back jobs, government
programs, or tweaking the system. In many places, there is no system
upon which to build. In others, individual self-interest reigns supreme.
This is especially true in areas where the family is in shambles.
Without this basic social unit, no society can be rebuilt. Consequently,
communities are also missing. There are no longer those intermediary
associations that protect the family and its members from an intrusive
state.
The Disintegration of Religion
However, Mr. Carney has the courage to say that the most
important cause of alienation is the collapse of religion. He rightly
proclaims it as “the largest and most important institution of civil
society.”
From his purely natural perspective, he notes that the church has
always been America’s indispensable institution. Tocqueville said that
Americans value their churches as the first of their political
institutions. Where churches are shuttered, communities crumble. The
author does not hesitate to say that “The erosion of civil society is
largely [due to] the collapse of churches.”
This makes sense. Religion is the institution that establishes and
maintains the norms of right and wrong. It should defend the natural
law, which is so well laid out by the Ten Commandments. Society will
maintain order to the extent that it follows this objective law suited
to the nature God gave us so that we might prosper.
Mr. Carney’s vision is limited to his sociological treatment of the
subject. Although a Catholic, he does not enter into the role of the
Church as the guardian of the moral law. He does not consider the
supernatural action of grace that facilitates enormously the practice of
virtue in common.
He only deals with the decay of this institution which clashes so violently with our self-destructing culture.
Abandoning God
Hence it should be no mystery as to why so many Americans are
alienated. We have abandoned God and violated his law. Historically,
this turning away from God has always had drastic social and economic
consequences. Of course, The Washington Examiner journalist
does not put it in these almost biblical terms. However, his conclusion
does give special meaning to the culture wars since one side seeks to
call Americans back to God and his law.
The author’s more immediate conclusion is that the moral wasteland of
an alienated America explains the victory of President Trump, who
appealed to those who feel that society does not make sense anymore. He
makes a compelling case that the alienated vote—especially the vote of
the unchurched—favored the president.
The Other America
Mr. Carney also presents the other America: those who are not
alienated. This is an America in which the moral institutions of family,
community, and faith survive. Its properly constituted families all but
guarantee some degree of prosperity. These families build networks and
vibrant faith communities.
Their rates of divorce, drug use, criminality, and other negative
social indicators are all low. These successful families tend to cluster
themselves as elites in exclusive neighborhoods or super zipcodes. They
might also be found in certain closely-knit ethnic and rural
communities with strong personal ties.
The author tends to agree with the conclusions of Charles Murray and Robert Putnam
who portray this other America as almost immune to the moral crisis
that devastates the nation. Such communities survive in enclaves and
bubbles that seem to mock the alienated.
A Generalized Crisis Affecting Everyone
From a material perspective, this evaluation might appear to be
true, for there are rich neighborhoods and excellent schools. These
visible signs perpetuate the idea of a better life.
However, from a spiritual perspective, this conclusion ignores the
upheaval of the Sexual Revolution of the 1960s which devastated
relationships and public morals. No family is exempt from the effects of
this vast destruction. Social networks might mitigate its effects, slow
down the processes of decay, or change the way social rot manifests
itself. However, it does not change the generalized crisis affecting
everyone.
Indeed, all is not well in the other America. Studies show that unhappiness is a universal postmodern phenomenon that respects neither education nor income level.
More Not Less Social Capital
By framing the debate in terms of social network haves and
have-nots, it is hard not to construct a class struggle narrative.
However, Mr. Carney resists the temptation. He sees the need to create
more social capital—not less—between the social classes.
He laments the formation of “elite bubbles” that cluster those in
leadership positions within exclusive neighborhoods, thus depriving
other areas of the organic leadership structures they need.
Efforts to help the less fortunate are further hampered by a militant
egalitarian culture that leads elites to what he calls “infertile
virtue.” They suffer from an unwillingness to spread good habits and
practices lest they reveal their advantages. Delegating such tasks to
the government avoids this embarrassment.
In addition, the author stresses the need for involved local
communities fortified by religious ties, as these have proven rich in
social capital and innovative in providing solutions.
A Need for Spiritual Regeneration
However, it is one thing to point out the need for leaders and local communities; it is another to create them. Thus, Alienated America
proposes a return to a society where everyone gets along without
resolving the essential differences that caused the problem in the first
place. Such solutions try to satisfy everyone but usually convince no
one.
Nothing can avoid the conclusion that this is a moral crisis and not
an economic one. We must return to God whom we have abandoned. The
Church with her immense treasury of social teachings has a vital role to
play in any eventual restoration of the social order. The more we flee
from such solutions, the more we deceive ourselves and adopt schemes
that increase the ranks of the alienated.
The role of the alienated in the 2016 elections should give us pause
to ponder the kind of America we need. What ails us will not be easily
resolved. It will take much courage and a resolve to suffer in order to
set things aright.