Answer the following questions in a Word document, using your text as a resource.
1. What is an astronomical unit?
An Astronomical unit is a mean distance between the Earth and Sun. It is 150 million KM or 93 million miles. It is 1.496e11 meters. Giovanni Cassini developed the original lower number in 1671.
2. What are the Kuiper Belt and the OortCloud?
The Kuiper belt is a belt full of trillion+ comets and 100,000s of 100 KM rock. It is said to be excess rocks that were formed by the solar nebula. The Kuiper belt has three dwarf planets called MakeMake, Sedna and Haumea. The book only mentioned Sedna. Kuiper belt starts at 30 AU. The oort cloud starts at 50 AU and has trillion or more iceballs circling the Sun. Icy chunks come into the inner solar system as a comet.
3. What direction do the comet tails point?
The Comet tails point away from the Sun, because the solar wind is burning it up and pushed to the rear. A comet is made up of ice or is a huge snowball.
4. Why do some of the large moons of the Giant Planets have surfaces full of craters and others are smooth?
Some moons have no atmosphere so the meteorites wouldn’t be burnt up. Others have large atmospheres and aren’t acceptable to small meteorite or Asteroid damage. Saturn and Jupiter have a lot bigger atmosphere then Earth which allows them evaporate gigantic meteorites or asteroids to the point where there is only a little bit of the rock left on ground.
References
Dickinson, T. (Ed.). (2004). "Chapter 1"
The Universe and Beyond, 4th Edition. (pg 11 - 19) Canada: Firefly Book, Inc.
Dickinson, T. (Ed.). (2004). “Chapter 2 "
The Universe and Beyond, 4th Edition. (pp 21-39) Canada: Firefly Book, Inc.
Dickinson, T. (Ed.). (2004). “Chapter 3"
The Universe and Beyond, 4th Edition. (pg 41-53) Canada: Firefly Book, Inc.
Dickinson, T. (Ed.). (2004). “Chapter 4"
The Universe and Beyond, 4th Edition. (pp 55-71) Canada: Firefly Book, Inc.
Anonymous (2010). MakeMake
Retrieved April 30, 2010, from Windows2Universe website
http://windows2universe.org/our_solar_system/dwarf_planets/makemake.html
Anonymous ( September, 2008). Fifth Dwarf Planet Named Haumea
Retrieved April 30, 2010, from ScienceDaily website
www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/09/080918234427.htm
Friday, January 07, 2000
internal composition between two classes of planets
This paper will explain the internal composition between two classes of planets displaying differences in densities. Secondly,this paper will explain why their compositions are different.
The density difference between the giant planets and the inner planets derives from the planet’s internal composition. As in chapter 2 in the textbook, the origination of our planets derived from an original cloud formation, which orbited around the young sun and contained the following gas elements: hydrogen, helium, oxygen, nitrogen and neon. It also contained the following rock and metal elements such as iron, magnesium, silicon, and sulfur. After millions of years, these elements eventually formulated into huge rock-like material called planetesimals. The planetesimals that were closer to the Sun contained mainly rock and metals which are the prominent elements in the inner planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. The main reason for this inner planet composition was due to the dissipation of the light gases from the Sun's radiation. The further away the planetesimals were from the sun, the less gas dissipation occurred; thereby, leaving mostly ice and rock. Eventually, over time hydrogen and helium became the two main dominant elements found in the giant planets (Jovian planets): Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. For example, the composition of Jupiter is liquid hydrogen [light weight gas] and helium, 318 times the Earth’s mass. The Earth’s size core in Jupiter is composed of metal and rock which is 10 times the mass of Earth.In summary, these massive gas filled planets are very conducive to the density of water (water = 1) versus the inner planet’s density which is composed of rock/metal. The tremendous gravity is an essential force to hold the gas filled planet together. (Universe and Beyond, pg 21, 41-42, 2004)
In the regard to the density and composition of the four giant planets, the following can be noted. The main composition difference between the four Jovian planets is that Uranus and Neptune have methane, ammonia and water in the middle layer instead of the metallic hydrogen that Jupiter and Saturn both have. In both Jupiter and Saturn, the gas elements consist of 4/5 hydrogen and 1/5 helium. The density of Jupiter is 1.133 grams per CM3. Beginning from the top layer to the core, Jupiter is composition consists first withgastric hydrogen cloud covered top; next with the liquid hydrogen layer; then the metallic hydrogen layer; ending with an iron and silicate core. Temperature and atmospheric pressure in Jupiter starts out as a minus 120 degrees Celsius with an atmospheric pressure that is 70% of Earth’s surface pressure. The pressure and temperature increases with depth. By the time you get to the core, the temperature reaches 30,000 degrees Celsius or five times hotter than the sun’s surface; however, not hot enough to cause a thermo-nuclear fire which is why Jupiter can be called “the star that failed”. Jupiter’sdensity is1.33 g/cm3. Due to the planet’s significant rotation speed, atmospheric storms within the planet distribute the gases from high to low pressure. Saturn, the second largest planet has the same composition as Jupiter except it is cooler and less active. The density of Saturn is .71g /cm3. The thick atmosphere consists of 7/8th hydrogen, 1/8th helium. The rest of the planet is made up ofhydrogen compounds and has a rocky core. The density of Uranus is 1.24 g/cm3. Uranus consists of somewhat of a soupy atmosphere which is 7/8 hydrogen and 1/8th helium with the mixture of hydrogen compounds such as methane, ammonia, ethane, acetylene, and ethylene. The rocky core is covered with liquid methane, carbon monoxide and ammonia. The temperature starts out a minus 215 Celsius where it eventually increases with depth along with increased pressure. The whole planet has more of a liquid consistency to it. The density of Neptune is 1.67 g/cm3. Neptune composition is composed of Hydrogen compounds(methane, ammonia, and water) with smaller traces of hydrogen, helium, metal and rock. Uranus has compositions of Hydrogen compounds, rock, hydrogen, and helium. One interesting fact of Neptune is that the outer atmosphere rotates slower than the core and at different rates depending on latitude. This causes friction and produces heat for the planet.(Universe and Beyond, pp 46, 47-48, 50- 52, 52-53, 2004)
This paper explained the internal composition between two classes of planets displaying differences in densities. Secondly, this paper will explain why their compositions are different.
The density difference between the giant planets and the inner planets derives from the planet’s internal composition. As in chapter 2 in the textbook, the origination of our planets derived from an original cloud formation, which orbited around the young sun and contained the following gas elements: hydrogen, helium, oxygen, nitrogen and neon. It also contained the following rock and metal elements such as iron, magnesium, silicon, and sulfur. After millions of years, these elements eventually formulated into huge rock-like material called planetesimals. The planetesimals that were closer to the Sun contained mainly rock and metals which are the prominent elements in the inner planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. The main reason for this inner planet composition was due to the dissipation of the light gases from the Sun's radiation. The further away the planetesimals were from the sun, the less gas dissipation occurred; thereby, leaving mostly ice and rock. Eventually, over time hydrogen and helium became the two main dominant elements found in the giant planets (Jovian planets): Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. For example, the composition of Jupiter is liquid hydrogen [light weight gas] and helium, 318 times the Earth’s mass. The Earth’s size core in Jupiter is composed of metal and rock which is 10 times the mass of Earth.In summary, these massive gas filled planets are very conducive to the density of water (water = 1) versus the inner planet’s density which is composed of rock/metal. The tremendous gravity is an essential force to hold the gas filled planet together. (Universe and Beyond, pg 21, 41-42, 2004)
In the regard to the density and composition of the four giant planets, the following can be noted. The main composition difference between the four Jovian planets is that Uranus and Neptune have methane, ammonia and water in the middle layer instead of the metallic hydrogen that Jupiter and Saturn both have. In both Jupiter and Saturn, the gas elements consist of 4/5 hydrogen and 1/5 helium. The density of Jupiter is 1.133 grams per CM3. Beginning from the top layer to the core, Jupiter is composition consists first withgastric hydrogen cloud covered top; next with the liquid hydrogen layer; then the metallic hydrogen layer; ending with an iron and silicate core. Temperature and atmospheric pressure in Jupiter starts out as a minus 120 degrees Celsius with an atmospheric pressure that is 70% of Earth’s surface pressure. The pressure and temperature increases with depth. By the time you get to the core, the temperature reaches 30,000 degrees Celsius or five times hotter than the sun’s surface; however, not hot enough to cause a thermo-nuclear fire which is why Jupiter can be called “the star that failed”. Jupiter’sdensity is1.33 g/cm3. Due to the planet’s significant rotation speed, atmospheric storms within the planet distribute the gases from high to low pressure. Saturn, the second largest planet has the same composition as Jupiter except it is cooler and less active. The density of Saturn is .71g /cm3. The thick atmosphere consists of 7/8th hydrogen, 1/8th helium. The rest of the planet is made up ofhydrogen compounds and has a rocky core. The density of Uranus is 1.24 g/cm3. Uranus consists of somewhat of a soupy atmosphere which is 7/8 hydrogen and 1/8th helium with the mixture of hydrogen compounds such as methane, ammonia, ethane, acetylene, and ethylene. The rocky core is covered with liquid methane, carbon monoxide and ammonia. The temperature starts out a minus 215 Celsius where it eventually increases with depth along with increased pressure. The whole planet has more of a liquid consistency to it. The density of Neptune is 1.67 g/cm3. Neptune composition is composed of Hydrogen compounds(methane, ammonia, and water) with smaller traces of hydrogen, helium, metal and rock. Uranus has compositions of Hydrogen compounds, rock, hydrogen, and helium. One interesting fact of Neptune is that the outer atmosphere rotates slower than the core and at different rates depending on latitude. This causes friction and produces heat for the planet.(Universe and Beyond, pp 46, 47-48, 50- 52, 52-53, 2004)
This paper explained the internal composition between two classes of planets displaying differences in densities. Secondly, this paper will explain why their compositions are different.
will explain the four scenarios astronomers consider for Earth-Moon binary system formation. Moreover, this paper will tell what the main points of each scenario are including modern view and why that is. For the second section of atmosphere composition and characterizes, this paper will describe some of the important factors. These important factors tell the shaping, the surface and atmospheric conditions for the inner region planets and Earth's moon. Earth's moon is twice the size of Mercury.
There are four scenarios astronomers considered for the Earth-Moon binary system formation which are the following: the adopted-cousin theory, the sister theory, the daughter theory and the chip-off-the-old-block theory. The adopted cousin theory says that a small planet was captured by Earth's gravity. The sister theory says it is a double planet. The daughter theory states the moon broke apart from the spinning original Earth also known as primordial Earth. The chip-off-the-old-block theory was originated by computers simulation of the solar system. Billions of years ago, the evolving Earth had nearby neighbors called planetesimals (large mountain sized debris that was orbiting around Earth). I like the bull’s-eye concept in the book. From the initial supernova gave birth to the solar nebula with its orbiting cloud of gases and other elements such as iron, magnesium and sulfur. There was ice crystals that formed water molecules and combined over millions of years. The orbiting cloud of elements contained gases such as hydrogen, helium, oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon and other elements such as iron, silicon, magnesium and sulfur. The lighter gases evaporated from the sun’s radiation. It depended on the distance from the sun; which has eventually left the heavier elements such as rocks and metals which then formed the planetesimals that formed Mars, Mercury, Venus and Earth. Planetesimals were made in million years of evolution. It was the collision of one of these planetesimals with Earth which caused spewing matter from the Earth crust and material from the planetesimals to fly into space. Scientists have concluded the moon is actually a by-product of this earlier collision. To substantiate this theory, moon samples were obtained from Astronauts and other space exploratory devices. Moon rock is different from Earth rock. The chip-of-the-old block has become a de-facto modern theory accepted today. The chip-off-the-old-block theory pretty much debunks the other three theories. (Universe and Beyond, pp 22-23, 2004)
There are important factors that shape the surface and atmospheric conditions on the four inner region planets Earth-Moon, Mars, Venus and Mercury. In the following paragraphs, I will address these factors.
The Earth is the only planet to this day known to have life. There are three factors that helps maintain Earth's atmospheric composition which are as follows: the decomposition of the air molecules that takes place from the Sun's rays, the volcanic activity and the Earth's gravity. Over the early years, Earth had been bombarded by the elements from space and gradually over time, volcanic activity and collisions with comets has provided the Earth with atmospheric gases. Gravity helps maintain the gases and how much escapes through evaporation from the Sun's rays; therefore, Earth has been blessed with just the right atmospheric chemistry in order to maintain life. As far as geological landscape, the Earth landscape has evolved over the years, because of the wind, the rain, the volcano activity. We now have oceans, rivers, streams, mountains, and vegetation that prospers on Earth as we know it. The Earth's temperature is mostly maintained through our permeable cloud cover, Earth's mass and axis tilt and the atmospheric exchange of gases. (Universe and Beyond, pg 24, pp 36-37, 2004)
The moon has no atmosphere, no gases and minimal gravity to maintain its environment. If once there was volcanic activity on the moon, any gases derived from that volcanic activity would dissipate into space. This is mostly due to the moon's minimal gravity and the sun's assistance with evaporation. The moon is pretty much a battle scared, lifeless Antarctica. The temperature varies from space cold in the hemispheric section away from the Sun compared to sizzling hot in the hemisphere facing the Sun. (Universe and Beyond, pp 22-24, 2004)
The Mars atmosphere is less than 1% of Earth's of which carbine dioxide pretty much fulfills the 1%. Ultra-violet light dominates the planet due to the thin atmosphere. The temperature on Mars is cold all year around. In the winter, it is so cold, the atmosphere forms frozen CO2 crystals. It is obvious that there is no liquid form on Mars. Again, the temperature is relevant the thin atmospheric radiation exchange from the Sun. The terrain has a combination of sand dunes, canals, and rock surfaces. Mars is very windy especially in summer which might have gust of 300 KM per hour. Through satellite and pictures taken from robotic rovers, the landscape takes on a orange like hue. This is because the dust particles are stirred up by this windy planet. There is evidence that the planet once held liquid, but at present, scientists believe it is frozen deep into the ground. However, there are signs at one time liquid water did exist since space rovers have recovered sedimentary rock specimens which can easily be found in Earth's lakes and streams. One interesting fact about Mars, is that the tilt of the axis point is closely related to the Earth's. A day in Mars is 24.6 hours vs. Earth's 24 hours. Mars has a larger orbit area; therefore, one year on Mars equals 1.9 Earth years.
Mars is ½ the size of Earth, but 1/10 its mass. (Universe and Beyond, pp 24-30, 2004)
Venus, not like the Roman Goddess Venus, is comparable to Earth in size, mass and surface gravity; however, the temperature far exceeds our boiling point at 460 degrees Celsius hotter than melting lead. The atmosphere is 90% denser than Earth's and composed with mostly carbon dioxide. Since the atmosphere is so dense with carbon dioxide ,the constant volcanic activity produces additional gases enough to produce a greenhouse effect. This greenhouse cloud covering in the upper atmosphere then traps the gases and prevents the sun's infrared radiation from escaping. This makes the planet sizzling hot. The landscape is dominated with active volcanoes. The rotation of Venus is so slow that a day for Venus is equal to 59 Earth days, and the nights are equally long. The snail like rotation does not provide a magnetic field like the Earth's rotation does. (Universe and Beyond, pp 30-33, 36, 37, 2004)
Mercury, the closest to the sun, has temperatures of 400 degrees Celsius. Mercury's atmosphere is completely missing. It also has one third the Earth's gravity. Mercury is half the size of the moon. The landscape looks very much like the moon cratered by the insults of space debris. Mercury has little gravity and rotates slower than Venus. It rotates its axis three times the same time it orbits the Sun twice. One Mercury day equals 176 Earth days. (Universe and Beyond pp 38-39, 2004)
This paper showed the four scenarios astronomers consider for the Earth-Moon binary system formation. Second it showed the main points of each scenario are including modern view and why that is. The paper also concludes the atmosphere composition and characterizes, and described some of the important factors including shaping, the surface and atmospheric conditions.
References
Dickinson, T. (Ed.). (2004). "Chapter 2"
The Universe and Beyond, 4th Edition. (pg 22-23) Canada: Firefly Book, Inc.
Dickinson, T. (Ed.). (2004). " Chapter 2"
The Universe and Beyond, 4th Edition. (pg 24) Canada: Firefly Book, Inc.
Dickinson, T. (Ed.). (2004). " Chapter 2"
The Universe and Beyond, 4th Edition. (pg 36-37) Canada: Firefly Book, Inc.
Dickinson, T. (Ed.). (2004). " Chapter 2"
The Universe and Beyond, 4th Edition. (pg 24-30) Canada: Firefly Book, Inc.
Dickinson, T. (Ed.). (2004). " Chapter 2"
The Universe and Beyond, 4th Edition. (pg 30-33) Canada: Firefly Book, Inc.
Dickinson, T. (Ed.). (2004). " Chapter 2"
The Universe and Beyond, 4th Edition. (pg 36) Canada: Firefly Book, Inc.
Dickinson, T. (Ed.). (2004). " Chapter 2"
The Universe and Beyond, 4th Edition. (pg 37) Canada: Firefly Book, Inc.
Dickinson, T. (Ed.). (2004). " Chapter 2"
The Universe and Beyond, 4th Edition. (pg 38-39) Canada: Firefly Book, Inc.
There are four scenarios astronomers considered for the Earth-Moon binary system formation which are the following: the adopted-cousin theory, the sister theory, the daughter theory and the chip-off-the-old-block theory. The adopted cousin theory says that a small planet was captured by Earth's gravity. The sister theory says it is a double planet. The daughter theory states the moon broke apart from the spinning original Earth also known as primordial Earth. The chip-off-the-old-block theory was originated by computers simulation of the solar system. Billions of years ago, the evolving Earth had nearby neighbors called planetesimals (large mountain sized debris that was orbiting around Earth). I like the bull’s-eye concept in the book. From the initial supernova gave birth to the solar nebula with its orbiting cloud of gases and other elements such as iron, magnesium and sulfur. There was ice crystals that formed water molecules and combined over millions of years. The orbiting cloud of elements contained gases such as hydrogen, helium, oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon and other elements such as iron, silicon, magnesium and sulfur. The lighter gases evaporated from the sun’s radiation. It depended on the distance from the sun; which has eventually left the heavier elements such as rocks and metals which then formed the planetesimals that formed Mars, Mercury, Venus and Earth. Planetesimals were made in million years of evolution. It was the collision of one of these planetesimals with Earth which caused spewing matter from the Earth crust and material from the planetesimals to fly into space. Scientists have concluded the moon is actually a by-product of this earlier collision. To substantiate this theory, moon samples were obtained from Astronauts and other space exploratory devices. Moon rock is different from Earth rock. The chip-of-the-old block has become a de-facto modern theory accepted today. The chip-off-the-old-block theory pretty much debunks the other three theories. (Universe and Beyond, pp 22-23, 2004)
There are important factors that shape the surface and atmospheric conditions on the four inner region planets Earth-Moon, Mars, Venus and Mercury. In the following paragraphs, I will address these factors.
The Earth is the only planet to this day known to have life. There are three factors that helps maintain Earth's atmospheric composition which are as follows: the decomposition of the air molecules that takes place from the Sun's rays, the volcanic activity and the Earth's gravity. Over the early years, Earth had been bombarded by the elements from space and gradually over time, volcanic activity and collisions with comets has provided the Earth with atmospheric gases. Gravity helps maintain the gases and how much escapes through evaporation from the Sun's rays; therefore, Earth has been blessed with just the right atmospheric chemistry in order to maintain life. As far as geological landscape, the Earth landscape has evolved over the years, because of the wind, the rain, the volcano activity. We now have oceans, rivers, streams, mountains, and vegetation that prospers on Earth as we know it. The Earth's temperature is mostly maintained through our permeable cloud cover, Earth's mass and axis tilt and the atmospheric exchange of gases. (Universe and Beyond, pg 24, pp 36-37, 2004)
The moon has no atmosphere, no gases and minimal gravity to maintain its environment. If once there was volcanic activity on the moon, any gases derived from that volcanic activity would dissipate into space. This is mostly due to the moon's minimal gravity and the sun's assistance with evaporation. The moon is pretty much a battle scared, lifeless Antarctica. The temperature varies from space cold in the hemispheric section away from the Sun compared to sizzling hot in the hemisphere facing the Sun. (Universe and Beyond, pp 22-24, 2004)
The Mars atmosphere is less than 1% of Earth's of which carbine dioxide pretty much fulfills the 1%. Ultra-violet light dominates the planet due to the thin atmosphere. The temperature on Mars is cold all year around. In the winter, it is so cold, the atmosphere forms frozen CO2 crystals. It is obvious that there is no liquid form on Mars. Again, the temperature is relevant the thin atmospheric radiation exchange from the Sun. The terrain has a combination of sand dunes, canals, and rock surfaces. Mars is very windy especially in summer which might have gust of 300 KM per hour. Through satellite and pictures taken from robotic rovers, the landscape takes on a orange like hue. This is because the dust particles are stirred up by this windy planet. There is evidence that the planet once held liquid, but at present, scientists believe it is frozen deep into the ground. However, there are signs at one time liquid water did exist since space rovers have recovered sedimentary rock specimens which can easily be found in Earth's lakes and streams. One interesting fact about Mars, is that the tilt of the axis point is closely related to the Earth's. A day in Mars is 24.6 hours vs. Earth's 24 hours. Mars has a larger orbit area; therefore, one year on Mars equals 1.9 Earth years.
Mars is ½ the size of Earth, but 1/10 its mass. (Universe and Beyond, pp 24-30, 2004)
Venus, not like the Roman Goddess Venus, is comparable to Earth in size, mass and surface gravity; however, the temperature far exceeds our boiling point at 460 degrees Celsius hotter than melting lead. The atmosphere is 90% denser than Earth's and composed with mostly carbon dioxide. Since the atmosphere is so dense with carbon dioxide ,the constant volcanic activity produces additional gases enough to produce a greenhouse effect. This greenhouse cloud covering in the upper atmosphere then traps the gases and prevents the sun's infrared radiation from escaping. This makes the planet sizzling hot. The landscape is dominated with active volcanoes. The rotation of Venus is so slow that a day for Venus is equal to 59 Earth days, and the nights are equally long. The snail like rotation does not provide a magnetic field like the Earth's rotation does. (Universe and Beyond, pp 30-33, 36, 37, 2004)
Mercury, the closest to the sun, has temperatures of 400 degrees Celsius. Mercury's atmosphere is completely missing. It also has one third the Earth's gravity. Mercury is half the size of the moon. The landscape looks very much like the moon cratered by the insults of space debris. Mercury has little gravity and rotates slower than Venus. It rotates its axis three times the same time it orbits the Sun twice. One Mercury day equals 176 Earth days. (Universe and Beyond pp 38-39, 2004)
This paper showed the four scenarios astronomers consider for the Earth-Moon binary system formation. Second it showed the main points of each scenario are including modern view and why that is. The paper also concludes the atmosphere composition and characterizes, and described some of the important factors including shaping, the surface and atmospheric conditions.
References
Dickinson, T. (Ed.). (2004). "Chapter 2"
The Universe and Beyond, 4th Edition. (pg 22-23) Canada: Firefly Book, Inc.
Dickinson, T. (Ed.). (2004). " Chapter 2"
The Universe and Beyond, 4th Edition. (pg 24) Canada: Firefly Book, Inc.
Dickinson, T. (Ed.). (2004). " Chapter 2"
The Universe and Beyond, 4th Edition. (pg 36-37) Canada: Firefly Book, Inc.
Dickinson, T. (Ed.). (2004). " Chapter 2"
The Universe and Beyond, 4th Edition. (pg 24-30) Canada: Firefly Book, Inc.
Dickinson, T. (Ed.). (2004). " Chapter 2"
The Universe and Beyond, 4th Edition. (pg 30-33) Canada: Firefly Book, Inc.
Dickinson, T. (Ed.). (2004). " Chapter 2"
The Universe and Beyond, 4th Edition. (pg 36) Canada: Firefly Book, Inc.
Dickinson, T. (Ed.). (2004). " Chapter 2"
The Universe and Beyond, 4th Edition. (pg 37) Canada: Firefly Book, Inc.
Dickinson, T. (Ed.). (2004). " Chapter 2"
The Universe and Beyond, 4th Edition. (pg 38-39) Canada: Firefly Book, Inc.
Thursday, January 06, 2000
Organisms of Europa
Some of the large moons in our system have environments that allow for the theoretical possibility of harboring life organisms. If life were found on a moon, which moon do you think would be most suitable? What do you think would be some of the characteristics of such organisms?
Hypothetically Titan and Europa are two moons with somewhat of a same axis tilt as Earth; therefore, they have seasons. All the Europa life would live off of keimosynthesis in the deep oceans near its submarine volcanoes. I believe that complex life is more likely underwater such as Europa rather than Titan.NASA believes that Europa is warmed by Jupiter’s gravity and other moons to make tides in Europa’s oceans and submarine volcanoes. NASA suspects salt under Europa’s slushy oceans. Some characteristics of the life forms are deep-sea bathypelagic fish and other bioluminescent (glow-in-the-dark) organisms in the Europa’s deep water. Creatures under these waters may bebioluminescent organisms such as vibrionaceae, dinoflagellates, andmarine invertebrates (sea pen, coral, ostracoda, copepod, Whip-lash squid, bolitaenidae, Nudibranch, clam)over Titan’s bacteria any day.
Titan, Saturn’s biggest moon, has methane and nitrogen into its atmosphere. Methane is a byproduct of organisms which is constantly being destroyed by sunlight. It doesn’t have H2O so the living things would have to live in methane and ethane oceans. I don’t see how life is possible even though Titan’s rain clouds containing hydrocarbon. Titan doesn’t have oxygen elements in the lakes, streams, and oceans. Due to the liquid methane and nitrogen elements found on Titan, only some bacteria may survive, nothing more advanced.
Hypothetically Titan and Europa are two moons with somewhat of a same axis tilt as Earth; therefore, they have seasons. All the Europa life would live off of keimosynthesis in the deep oceans near its submarine volcanoes. I believe that complex life is more likely underwater such as Europa rather than Titan.NASA believes that Europa is warmed by Jupiter’s gravity and other moons to make tides in Europa’s oceans and submarine volcanoes. NASA suspects salt under Europa’s slushy oceans. Some characteristics of the life forms are deep-sea bathypelagic fish and other bioluminescent (glow-in-the-dark) organisms in the Europa’s deep water. Creatures under these waters may bebioluminescent organisms such as vibrionaceae, dinoflagellates, andmarine invertebrates (sea pen, coral, ostracoda, copepod, Whip-lash squid, bolitaenidae, Nudibranch, clam)over Titan’s bacteria any day.
Titan, Saturn’s biggest moon, has methane and nitrogen into its atmosphere. Methane is a byproduct of organisms which is constantly being destroyed by sunlight. It doesn’t have H2O so the living things would have to live in methane and ethane oceans. I don’t see how life is possible even though Titan’s rain clouds containing hydrocarbon. Titan doesn’t have oxygen elements in the lakes, streams, and oceans. Due to the liquid methane and nitrogen elements found on Titan, only some bacteria may survive, nothing more advanced.
Wednesday, January 05, 2000
internal composition between two classes of planets
This paper will explain the internal composition between two classes of planets displaying differences in densities. Secondly,this paper will explain why their compositions are different.
The density difference between the giant planets and the inner planets derives from the planet’s internal composition. As in chapter 2 in the textbook, the origination of our planets derived from an original cloud formation, which orbited around the young sun and contained the following gas elements: hydrogen, helium, oxygen, nitrogen and neon. It also contained the following rock and metal elements such as iron, magnesium, silicon, and sulfur. After millions of years, these elements eventually formulated into huge rock-like material called planetesimals. The planetesimals that were closer to the Sun contained mainly rock and metals which are the prominent elements in the inner planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. The main reason for this inner planet composition was due to the dissipation of the light gases from the Sun's radiation. The further away the planetesimals were from the sun, the less gas dissipation occurred; thereby, leaving mostly ice and rock. Eventually, over time hydrogen and helium became the two main dominant elements found in the giant planets (Jovian planets): Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. For example, the composition of Jupiter is liquid hydrogen [light weight gas] and helium, 318 times the Earth’s mass. The Earth’s size core in Jupiter is composed of metal and rock which is 10 times the mass of Earth.In summary, these massive gas filled planets are very conducive to the density of water (water = 1) versus the inner planet’s density which is composed of rock/metal. The tremendous gravity is an essential force to hold the gas filled planet together. (Universe and Beyond, pg 21, 41-42, 2004)
In the regard to the density and composition of the four giant planets, the following can be noted. The main composition difference between the four Jovian planets is that Uranus and Neptune have methane, ammonia and water in the middle layer instead of the metallic hydrogen that Jupiter and Saturn both have. In both Jupiter and Saturn, the gas elements consist of 4/5 hydrogen and 1/5 helium. The density of Jupiter is 1.133 grams per CM3. Beginning from the top layer to the core, Jupiter is composition consists first withgastric hydrogen cloud covered top; next with the liquid hydrogen layer; then the metallic hydrogen layer; ending with an iron and silicate core. Temperature and atmospheric pressure in Jupiter starts out as a minus 120 degrees Celsius with an atmospheric pressure that is 70% of Earth’s surface pressure. The pressure and temperature increases with depth. By the time you get to the core, the temperature reaches 30,000 degrees Celsius or five times hotter than the sun’s surface; however, not hot enough to cause a thermo-nuclear fire which is why Jupiter can be called “the star that failed”. Jupiter’sdensity is1.33 g/cm3. Due to the planet’s significant rotation speed, atmospheric storms within the planet distribute the gases from high to low pressure. Saturn, the second largest planet has the same composition as Jupiter except it is cooler and less active. The density of Saturn is .71g /cm3. The thick atmosphere consists of 7/8th hydrogen, 1/8th helium. The rest of the planet is made up ofhydrogen compounds and has a rocky core. The density of Uranus is 1.24 g/cm3. Uranus consists of somewhat of a soupy atmosphere which is 7/8 hydrogen and 1/8th helium with the mixture of hydrogen compounds such as methane, ammonia, ethane, acetylene, and ethylene. The rocky core is covered with liquid methane, carbon monoxide and ammonia. The temperature starts out a minus 215 Celsius where it eventually increases with depth along with increased pressure. The whole planet has more of a liquid consistency to it. The density of Neptune is 1.67 g/cm3. Neptune composition is composed of Hydrogen compounds(methane, ammonia, and water) with smaller traces of hydrogen, helium, metal and rock. Uranus has compositions of Hydrogen compounds, rock, hydrogen, and helium. One interesting fact of Neptune is that the outer atmosphere rotates slower than the core and at different rates depending on latitude. This causes friction and produces heat for the planet.(Universe and Beyond, pp 46, 47-48, 50- 52, 52-53, 2004)
This paper explained the internal composition between two classes of planets displaying differences in densities. Secondly, this paper will explain why their compositions are different.
The density difference between the giant planets and the inner planets derives from the planet’s internal composition. As in chapter 2 in the textbook, the origination of our planets derived from an original cloud formation, which orbited around the young sun and contained the following gas elements: hydrogen, helium, oxygen, nitrogen and neon. It also contained the following rock and metal elements such as iron, magnesium, silicon, and sulfur. After millions of years, these elements eventually formulated into huge rock-like material called planetesimals. The planetesimals that were closer to the Sun contained mainly rock and metals which are the prominent elements in the inner planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. The main reason for this inner planet composition was due to the dissipation of the light gases from the Sun's radiation. The further away the planetesimals were from the sun, the less gas dissipation occurred; thereby, leaving mostly ice and rock. Eventually, over time hydrogen and helium became the two main dominant elements found in the giant planets (Jovian planets): Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. For example, the composition of Jupiter is liquid hydrogen [light weight gas] and helium, 318 times the Earth’s mass. The Earth’s size core in Jupiter is composed of metal and rock which is 10 times the mass of Earth.In summary, these massive gas filled planets are very conducive to the density of water (water = 1) versus the inner planet’s density which is composed of rock/metal. The tremendous gravity is an essential force to hold the gas filled planet together. (Universe and Beyond, pg 21, 41-42, 2004)
In the regard to the density and composition of the four giant planets, the following can be noted. The main composition difference between the four Jovian planets is that Uranus and Neptune have methane, ammonia and water in the middle layer instead of the metallic hydrogen that Jupiter and Saturn both have. In both Jupiter and Saturn, the gas elements consist of 4/5 hydrogen and 1/5 helium. The density of Jupiter is 1.133 grams per CM3. Beginning from the top layer to the core, Jupiter is composition consists first withgastric hydrogen cloud covered top; next with the liquid hydrogen layer; then the metallic hydrogen layer; ending with an iron and silicate core. Temperature and atmospheric pressure in Jupiter starts out as a minus 120 degrees Celsius with an atmospheric pressure that is 70% of Earth’s surface pressure. The pressure and temperature increases with depth. By the time you get to the core, the temperature reaches 30,000 degrees Celsius or five times hotter than the sun’s surface; however, not hot enough to cause a thermo-nuclear fire which is why Jupiter can be called “the star that failed”. Jupiter’sdensity is1.33 g/cm3. Due to the planet’s significant rotation speed, atmospheric storms within the planet distribute the gases from high to low pressure. Saturn, the second largest planet has the same composition as Jupiter except it is cooler and less active. The density of Saturn is .71g /cm3. The thick atmosphere consists of 7/8th hydrogen, 1/8th helium. The rest of the planet is made up ofhydrogen compounds and has a rocky core. The density of Uranus is 1.24 g/cm3. Uranus consists of somewhat of a soupy atmosphere which is 7/8 hydrogen and 1/8th helium with the mixture of hydrogen compounds such as methane, ammonia, ethane, acetylene, and ethylene. The rocky core is covered with liquid methane, carbon monoxide and ammonia. The temperature starts out a minus 215 Celsius where it eventually increases with depth along with increased pressure. The whole planet has more of a liquid consistency to it. The density of Neptune is 1.67 g/cm3. Neptune composition is composed of Hydrogen compounds(methane, ammonia, and water) with smaller traces of hydrogen, helium, metal and rock. Uranus has compositions of Hydrogen compounds, rock, hydrogen, and helium. One interesting fact of Neptune is that the outer atmosphere rotates slower than the core and at different rates depending on latitude. This causes friction and produces heat for the planet.(Universe and Beyond, pp 46, 47-48, 50- 52, 52-53, 2004)
This paper explained the internal composition between two classes of planets displaying differences in densities. Secondly, this paper will explain why their compositions are different.
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